Dominic MUSARRA, et al., Plaintiffs,
v.
DIGITAL DISH, INC., Defendant.
No. C2-05-545.
Sept. 28, 2006.
OPINION AND ORDER
ALGENON L. MARBLEY, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter comes before the Court on the parties' cross-motions for partial summary judgment. On February 24, 2006, Plaintiffs moved this Court for partial summary judgment as to the applicability of the Motor Carrier Exemption to Plaintiffs. On the same day, Defendant, Digital Dish, moved for summary judgment on the same issue. For the reasons set forth herein, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and GRANTS Defendant's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment.
II. STATEMENT OF FACTS
A. Background
1. Digital Dish
Defendant Digital Dish (“Defendant” or “Digital Dish”) is a
privately-held, family-owned corporation whose primary purpose is to act as the
Ohio Regional Service Provider (“RSP”) for its parent company, DISH Network.
Digital Dish possesses an exclusive license to deliver and install DISH Network
equipment, which consists primarily of satellite dishes and receivers, in an
area encompassing
Each of the three named plaintiffs, Dominic Musarra (“Musarra”), Kevin Klug (“Klug”) and Charles Everett, Jr. (“Everett”) (collectively “Plaintiffs”), worked for Digital Dish as a “satellite technician” (hereinafter “technician”) during the time period between June 2003 through December 2004. During that time period, Digital Dish employed approximately 300 such delivery and installation technicians. Technicians have a myriad of duties, and their primary responsibilities consist of building, installing, repairing, and removing digital satellite equipment for DISH Network customers.
Digital Dish receives all of the goods that its technicians
deliver, install, and service from out of state. DISH Network ships the goods
via freight primarily from its facilities in
Digital Dish earns the most “credit” for each new connection currently in the job queue, and these “new connects” account for the largest part of the “credit limit” of shipped goods. Digital Dish receives a lesser “credit” for each pending trouble call in its area and for each pending customer “change or upgrade.” To translate these “credits” into projected inventory requirements, DISH Network adds the above three “credit” categories together, doubles the result to account for inventory still in transit, and then multiplies by eighty percent. DISH Network then compares this “total credit” to Digital Dish's current credit balance, re-evaluating the need for a higher credit limit when and if the numbers reveal an increase in customer installation or service activity. The amount of “credit” DISH Network extends to Digital Dish changes constantly, rising and falling according to customer demand.
After the DISH Network equipment arrives at Digital Dish's
Millersburg distribution center, Digital Dish employees break it down and sort
it by warehouse. Receivers and dishes arrive on pallets. Receivers come in
their own individual box on pallets that contain 50 to 70 boxes, depending on
the model size. Each pallet is wrapped entirely in plastic, which must be
removed when the warehouse workers break the pallets down. The warehouse
workers scan each piece of equipment and determine which of the Digital Dish
warehouses will receive it. Digital Dish maintains three tractor-trailers to
deliver equipment from the Millersburg,
DISH Network maintains tight control over the equipment it ships to Digital Dish, shipping only on a consignment basis, and retaining title to its equipment until it is delivered to customers. In order to determine how long an individual piece of equipment sits in Digital Dish's warehouse, DISH Network also uses a tracking system based on the serial numbers of its equipment. Although DISH Network attaches a serial number to each piece of equipment it sends to Digital Dish, Digital Dish has its own tracking system as well. Pursuant to the Digital Dish system, Digital Dish assigns a second serial number to all incoming equipment before preparing it for distribution. DISH Network requires that Digital Dish retain equipment in its distribution centers for fewer than ten days before passing it onto DISH Network customers, and the equipment is usually transported to customers within three to four days.
2. Sales Referrals
In general, a DISH Network customer who wants to purchase DISH Network equipment contacts DISH Network directly either by phone or through the Internet. Digital Dish concedes, however, that approximately 0.5% of its monthly installations arise from Digital Dish referrals rather than from customers' direct contact with DISH Network.
Digital Dish employs one “salesperson” at its
After installation on a sales referral is complete, DISH Network considers the referral “successful” and the referring salesperson receives a $5.00 commission. Technicians can also make sales referrals. If a technician refers a new customer to Digital Dish to purchase DISH Network equipment, once that customer has been approved and the DISH Network equipment has been successfully installed, the technician receives a $30.00 commission on the sale. Aside from these commissions, all money from Digital Dish sales referrals goes directly to DISH Network.
3. DISH Network's Distribution of Work Orders to Digital Dish
DISH Network distributes work orders to Digital Dish based on the application of a complex formula which works on a “point system.” Essentially, each Digital Dish technician who works in a particular geographic area represents a number of available “work points,” depending on his background, experience, skill set, and availability. Digital Dish maintains a computer system to which DISH Network has access, which allows DISH Network to assess the amount of “points” Digital Dish has available in any give geographic area within its assigned region. When DISH Network receives a customer order, it examines the number of “points” available in that customer's geographic region, and if Digital Dish has sufficient points, DISH Network will forward the customer's order to Digital Dish, which will then assign the order to a specific Digital Dish technician. Each day, Digital Dish e-mails the upcoming DISH Network orders to its technicians, assigning orders based on each technician's geographic proximity to the customers.
4. Daily Tasks of a Technician
Technicians typically receive their next day's work orders in the evening and pre-call customers to schedule service appointments in advance. The Digital Dish warehouses open at approximately 7:00 a.m each day. When a technician arrives at one of Digital Dish's warehouses in the morning, he picks up the DISH Network equipment necessary to complete his day's assigned work orders. Technicians also pick up consumable supplies from the warehouses, such as nuts, bolts, cable, and poles, much of which are shipped to Digital Dish by DISH Network. Prior to leaving the Digital Dish warehouse, technicians generally attach the mounting structure, arms, and certain low-noise block feedhorns 0 to satellite dishes to make more space in their trucks. Further, technicians often spend fifteen to twenty minutes downloading the necessary programs onto the receivers set for delivery, so they can save time once they arrive at a customer's home.1
The warehouse worker scans all outgoing receivers and dishes, noting the DISH Network and Digital Dish serial numbers and the corresponding technician who took possession of the equipment. The worker also collects signed paperwork indicating that the technician actually received the equipment. The individual receivers and dishes are not assigned to a technician based on any specifically identified customer; each technician decides what receivers he needs based on his day's work orders. Technicians also pull equipment in advance, and store it in their truck to use in subsequent service calls or, on occasion, to trade with other technicians.2
With the equipment in hand, each technician then sets out to complete his day's schedule. In general, a technician's primary task is the delivery and installation of DISH Network equipment, but technicians also do repairs, upgrades, and returns. Each technician completes approximately two to three installations per day. When installing satellites and receivers, a technician must mount a dish on the outside of the customer's home and then activate the customer's satellite service. The process depends on the serial number on the customer's receiver which validates his or her satellite service, confirms his or her account with DISH Network, and acts as a tracking number so that DISH Network can establish that the customer is in good standing. Once the equipment is installed, the DISH Network serial number is linked to the particular customer and can only be changed by a call from a technician to DISH Network reporting a problem.
After the technician completes a service call, he secures the customer's approval on a DISH Network Customer Service Agreement and (in the case of satellite receiver equipment installations) activates the customer's satellite subscription by contacting DISH Network. Only DISH Network can activate service.
5. Returns and Exchanges
Returns, exchanges, and other servicing of DISH Network products are typically initiated by customers who call DISH Network to report equipment problems and/or a desire to secure an equipment upgrade. Returns can occur in a number of situations, including faulty receivers, upgraded receivers, and incorrectly installed receivers. After a customer makes his initial request for a return to DISH Network, a Digital Dish technician travels to the customer's home to determine what is wrong with the system.3 If there is an equipment-related problem, Digital Dish notifies DISH Network, who then draws up a work order which Digital Dish subsequently assigns to a technician within the closest geographic area. Throughout each day, technicians intersperse their installations and deliveries with any assigned returns and/or exchanges.
If a customer's equipment is broken, technicians retrieve it and return it to their home Digital Dish facility.4 If, however, a customer requests a dish upgrade, technicians often use that customer's old dish for a new customer.5 Warehouse employees then package and label some of the returns for shipping to DISH Network's out-of-state facilities.6 For each such return, Digital Dish receives an addition to its “credit limit” from DISH Network.
B. Procedural History
On June 3, 2005, Plaintiffs filed a complaint against
Digital Dish (the “Complaint”) alleging that the company's system of
compensation violated 29 U.S.C. § §
206(a) and 207(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), as well as
various provisions of the Ohio Minimum Fair Wages Standards Act (“OMFWSA”),
Ohio Rev Code. § § 4111, et seq.
Complaint ¶ ¶ 80-87. Plaintiffs seek
declaratory, injunctive and monetary relief in connection with Digital Dish's
alleged wrongful denial of overtime compensation for technicians.
On October 18, 2005, the parties agreed to limit initial discovery and proceedings to the issue of whether the Motor Carrier Act (“MCA”) exemption, 29 U.S.C. § 213(b)(1), applies to liability for overtime compensation under the FLSA. On February 17, 2006, the Court entered a stipulated protective order to protect certain knowledge obtained during discovery that contained confidential or proprietary information concerning Defendant or other businesses or customer information. The parties completed discovery and, on February 24, 2006, filed cross motions for summary judgment limited to the issue of the applicability of the MCA exemption.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate “[i]f the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with
the affidavits, if any, show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P.
56(c). The movant has the burden of establishing that there are no genuine
issues of material fact, which may be accomplished by demonstrating that the
non-moving party lacks evidence to support an essential element of its case.
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477
In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the evidence
must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Adickes v.
S.H. Kress & Co., 398
Finally, when parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, “the making of such inherently contradictory claims does not constitute an agreement that if one is rejected the other is necessarily justified or that the losing party waives judicial consideration and determination whether genuine issues of material fact exist.” Parks v. LaFace Records, 329 F.3d 437, 444-45 (6th Cir.2003) (quoting B.F. Goodrich Co. v. United States Filter Corp., 245 F.3d 587, 593 (6th Cir.2001)).
IV. ANALYSIS
A. Background-the FLSA and the MCA
The FLSA provides that any employee who “is engaged in
commerce or in the production of goods for commerce” shall be paid a minimum of
“one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed for every hour
over forty hours he works in a workweek. 29 U.S.C. § 207. But, under the MCA exemption, the FLSA
exempts from its overtime pay requirement any employee subject to the Secretary
of Transportation's power to establish qualifications and maximum hours of service
“pursuant to the provisions of § 204 of
the [MCA] of 1934.”
The MCA exemption applies to employees for whom the Secretary of Transportation may prescribe requirements for qualifications and maximum hours of service under the Motor Carrier Act, 49 U.S.C. § 31502. 29 U.S.C. § 213(b)(1) (2004). According to 49 U.S.C. § 31502, the MCA exemption applies to transportation set forth in 49 U .S.C. § § 13501 and 13502, which provide that the Secretary of Transportation may prescribe requirements for qualifications and maximum hours of service for “motor carriers” and for “motor private carriers,” “when needed to promote the safety of operations.” See 49 U.S.C. § 31502(b). A “motor carrier” is a “person providing commercial motor vehicle (as defined in section 31132) transportation for compensation.” 49 U.S.C. § 13102(14). A “commercial motor vehicle” is:
a self-propelled or towed vehicle used on the highways in interstate commerce to transport passengers or property, if the vehicle-
(A) has a gross vehicle weight of at least 10,001 pounds, whichever is greater;
(B) is designed or used to transport more than 8 passengers (including the driver) for compensation;
(C) is designed or used to transport more than 15 passengers, including the driver, and is not used to transport passengers for compensation; or
(D) is used in transporting material found by the Secretary of Transportation to be hazardous under section 5103 of this title and transported in a quantity requiring placarding under regulations prescribed by the Secretary under section 5103.
See 49 U.S.C. § 31132(1). It is undisputed that the trucks driven by Digital Dish technicians are not “commercial motor vehicles.” Accordingly, Plaintiffs are not “motor carriers.”
Therefore, the question becomes whether Plaintiffs are “motor private carriers.” A “motor private carrier” is:
a person, other than a motor carrier, transporting property by commercial motor vehicle9 (as defined in section 31122) when:
(A) the transportation is as provided in section 13501 of this title;
(B) the person is the owner, lessee, or bailee of the property being transported; and
(C) the property is being transported for sale, lease, rent, or bailment or to further a commercial enterprise.
49 U.S.C. § 13102(15) (emphasis added). 49 U.S.C. § 13501(1), which governs the Secretary of Transportation's jurisdiction under the MCA, provides:The Secretary and the Board have jurisdiction, as specified in this part, over transportation by motor carrier and the procurement of that transportation, to the extent that passengers, property, or both, are transported by motor carrier-
(1) between a place in-
(A) a State and a place in another State;
(B) a State and another place in the same State through another State;
(C) the
(D) the
(E) the
See 49 U.S.C. § 13501 (“General jurisdiction”).
B. Statutory Interpretation
1. Interpreting the Jurisdiction of the Secretary of Labor Under 49 U.S.C. § 31502
Before this Court can consider whether Plaintiffs qualify as “motor private carriers” covered by the MCA exemption, it must consider Plaintiffs' argument that 49 U.S.C. § 31502 applies to “motor carriers” only. 49 U.S.C. § 31502(b) states that the Department of Labor (“DOL”) has the power to regulate the hours worked of both “motor carriers” and, when necessary, “motor private carriers.” See 49 U.S.C. § 31502(b) (“Motor carrier and private motor carrier requirements”). 49 U.S.C. § 31502(a) provides that the section applies to transportation described in sections 13501 and 13502 0 of title 49; however, section 13501 states that “[t]he Secretary and the Board have jurisdiction ... over transportation by motor carrier and the procurement of that transportation, to the extent that passengers, property, or both, are transported by motor carrier.” 49 U.S.C. § 13501 (emphasis added). According to Plaintiffs, because the plain language of section 13501 limits its description of interstate transportation to “motor carriers,” Congress did not intend the MCA exemption to apply to “motor private carriers.”
In Friedrich v. U.S. Computer Servs., the Third Circuit rejected an identical argument by plaintiffs asserting claims for overtime pay under the FLSA. See 974 F.2d 409, 412-13 (3d Cir.1992). The Friedrich court explained that although sections 13501 and 13502 1 “speak only of ‘motor carriers,’ which are later defined as motor common carriers and motor contract carriers, 49 U.S.C. § 10102(13),” “section 3102(a)(1) simply refers to sections 10521 and 10522 for a description of the type of transportation subject to the DOT's jurisdiction, that is interstate transportation,” and the plaintiffs' proffered interpretation would “render section 3102(b)(2) meaningless.” See id. at 413.
Moreover, in dicta, other courts, including the Sixth
Circuit Court of Appeals, have interpreted section 31502(b)(2) as vesting the
Secretary of Transportation with the authority to regulate the hours for
employees who work for “motor private carriers” when necessary to “promote
safety of operation.” See Vaughn v. Watkins Motor Lines, Inc., 291 F.3d 900,
904 (6th Cir.2002) (citing 49 U.S.C. §
31502(b)(2) as “providing that the Secretary of Transportation has the
power to specify the maximum number of hours for employees who work for private
motor carriers 2 when needed to promote safety of operation”); see also Ballou
v. DET Distrib.
2. Whether the SAFETEA-LU Amendment Applies
As set forth supra, the SAFETEA-LU Amendment, passed on August 10, 2005, altered the MCA exemption to eliminate drivers of all non-commercial motor vehicles from coverage. See supra, note 19. The parties agree that Digital Dish technicians' trucks (if they have one) do not qualify as “commercial motor vehicles” under 49 U.S.C. § 31132(1). See supra, Part IV.A. The parties disagree, however, as to whether SAFETEA-LU applies to the instant case. Plaintiffs concede that they were Digital Dish employees before SAFETEA-LU was passed. Plaintiffs argue, however, that employees who worked for Digital Dish after the enactment of SAFETEA-LU might later opt into the suit, expanding the proposed class to include both pre-SAFETEA-LU and post-SAFETEA-LU employees. Defendants counter that Plaintiffs' argument fails because the Court cannot certify a class action in which the class representative is not a part of and/or similarly situated to the rest of the class.
As a threshold matter, the Court notes that retroactive
application of SAFETEA-LU is highly disfavored. See Landgraf v. USA Film
Prods., 411
C. The MCA Exemption
1. The DOL's Stipulation of Dismissal in Chao v. Digital Dish
In 2004, the DOL, by way of the Secretary of Labor, Elaine L. Chao, sued Digital Dish, alleging that the company had violated federal wage and hour law, specifically section 207 of the FLSA by allegedly failing to pay overtime to certain Digital Dish employees. Chao v. Digital Dish, Inc., Case No. 5:04-cv-01793 (hereinafter, “Chao ”). On July 15, 2005, Digital Dish filed a Motion for Summary Judgment asserting that the MCA exemption nullified the FLSA claims at issue. On August 3, 3005, the DOL voluntarily dismissed the case, stating only:
Plaintiff concludes that technicians employed by Defendant Digital Dish, Inc. are (and were, for all periods relevant to this case) exempt from the overtime requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act under 29 U.S.C. [§ ] 213(b)(1). Therefore, pursuant to Rule 41(a)(1)(ii) of the Rules of Civil Procedure, the parties hereby agree that this matter be dismissed with prejudice, with the parties bearing their own costs.
See Chao Stipulation of Dismissal. In its Motion, Defendant
asserts that the DOL's dismissal in Chao is entitled to significant judicial
deference under Chevron USA Inc. v. Natural Res. Defense Council, Inc., and
suggests that this Court should rely on the Chao dismissal to dismiss this
instant case. See 467
Under Chevron, an agency's interpretation of a statutory
provision is accorded deference “when it appears that Congress delegated
authority to the agency generally to make rules carrying the force of law, and
that the agency interpretation was promulgated in the exercise of that
authority.”
As in AOL, the DOL's stipulation of dismissal is more akin to a quasi-adjudicatory action than to a legislative action. The DOL's decision, rather than interpreting 29 U.S.C. § 213(b), applies the MCA exemption to Chao to determine whether it is applicable-a mixed question of law and fact. Accordingly, as in AOL, the DOL's determination ought not be reversed if it was supported by “substantial evidence.” The DOL's stipulation of dismissal sets forth no evidence, let alone substantial evidence. The reader is given no indication as to why the MCA exemption applies, just that it does. Other courts to consider the applicability of the exemption have done so in detail. See, e.g., Friedrich, 974 F.2d at 409, Foxworthy v. Hiland Dairy Co., 997 F.2d 670 (10th Cir.1993); Billings v. Rolling Frito-Lay Sales, LP, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4698 (D.Tex. Jan. 31, 2006). Because there is no evidence to support the DOL's finding that the MCA exemption applies to Digital Dish technicians, the Court will consider the merits of the parties' arguments on the issue.
2. Whether the MCA Exemption Applies to Plaintiffs
Exemptions from the FLSA are narrowly construed against
employers and are to be withheld except as to persons “plainly and
unmistakably” within their terms and spirit. Auer v. Robbins, 519
a. Whether Digital Dish is a “Motor Private Carrier”
As noted above, before the enactment of SAFETEA-LU, a “motor private carrier” was defined as:
a person, other than a motor carrier, transporting property by motor vehicle when-
(A) the transportation is as provided in section 13501 of this title;
(B) the person is the owner, lessee, or bailee of the property being transported; and
(C) the property is being transported for sale, lease, rent or bailment or to further a commercial enterprise.
See 49 U.S.C. § 31502(b)(2). Digital Dish is a “person ... transporting property by motor vehicle.” Id. Digital Dish is the “bailee of the property being transported” 4 and “the property is being transported for sale ... or to further a commercial enterprise.” See id. Thus, Digital Dish meets the requirements of a “motor private carrier” if, as set forth in 49 U .S.C. § 13501, it transports DISH Network goods in interstate commerce.
It is undisputed that Digital Dish technicians performed
their deliveries and installations solely within the state of
i. Whether MC-48 or MC-207 Applies
Though the parties agree that this Court's inquiry centers on the issue of whether Digital Dish's deliveries and installation indicate a “practical continuity of movement” across state lines, they disagree as to the proper test to apply to determine the “shipper's intent” at the time of shipment. Plaintiffs assert that the Court should use the test developed by the ICC in 1957; whereas, Defendants advocate the use of an alternate test developed by the ICC in 1992.
In 1957, the ICC formulated a three-prong test to aid in the determination of a shipper's “fixed and persisting intent at the time of shipment,” where “the transportation was confined to points in a single State from a storage terminal of commodities which have had a prior movement by rail, pipeline, motor, or water from an origin in a different state.” 29 C.F.R. § 782.7 (citing Ex Parte No. MC-48 (71 M.C.C. 17, 29) (hereinafter, “MC-48”)).7 This test, which is also set forth in 29 C.F.R. 782.7(b)(2),8 provides that:
There is no fixed and persisting intent [to ship via interstate commerce] where: (i) At the time of shipment there is no specific order being filled for a specific quantity of a given product to be moved through to a specific destination beyond the terminal storage, and (ii) the terminal storage is a distribution point or local marketing facility from which specific amounts of the product are sold or allocated, and (iii) transportation in the furtherance of this distribution within the single State is specifically arranged only after sale or allocation from storage.
29 C.F.R. § 782.7(b)(2).9
In Baird v. Wagoner Transp. Co., the Sixth Circuit adopted
the ICC's 1957 test. 425 F.2d 407, 409 (6th Cir.1970). In Baird, the defendant,
Standard Oil, shipped petroleum products from out-of-state to a terminal in
In subsequent years, a number of courts determined that other factors were relevant to the determination of whether there is a fixed and persisting intent to ship products in interstate commerce, including:
the length of time movement of the product is interrupted by storage; whether the product distribution center has a low ‘through-put’ compared to its storage capability; whether the products are shipped on a ‘predetermined’ ordering cycle; whether the carrier is in continuous possession of the product until delivery; whether the product is processed or commingled in any way at the storage location; whether the final destination is designated by the out-of-state shipper or by an instate intermediator; whether the goods were intended for particular customers; and whether temporary storage simply provides an efficient opportunity to convert the means of delivery from one form of transportation to another.
See Foxworthy, 997 F.2d at 672-73 (citing Middlewest Motor
Freight Bureau v. I.C.C., 867 F.2d 458 (8th Cir.1988));
In 1990, the Fifth and Ninth Circuits noted that MC-48 has been “phased out,” and the Eighth Circuit specifically declined to adopt it, deeming it “outmoded.” Roberts v. Levine, 921 F.2d 804, 812 (8th Cir.1990) (finding the test used in Baird “outmoded” and declining to adopt it); California Trucking Ass'n v. I.C.C., 900 F.2d 208, 213 (9th Cir.1990) (“Even though the ICC has never explicitly stated that it was abandoning the more structured [1957] test, it appears that its use of that standard has been refined, if not phased out.”); Central Freight v. I.C.C., 899 F.2d 413, 421 (5th Cir.1990) (stating that ICC “appears to have implicitly recharacterized the applicable test”). These circuit courts approved the more recent test developed by the ICC in its 1986 decision, Armstrong World, Inc. v. I.C.C. See 2 I.C.C.2d 63, 69 (1986). In Armstrong, the ICC broadened the relevant inquiry to determine whether a shipper intended to transport goods in interstate commerce, explaining that:
The determination of whether transportation between two points in [a] State is interstate (or foreign) or intrastate in nature depends on the “essential character” of the shipment ... Crucial to this determination is the shipper's fixed and persisting intent at the time of shipment ... [and] is ascertained from all the facts and circumstances surrounding the transportation.
Moreover, in a 1992 Policy Statement and a subsequent 1994 administrative decision involving the delivery of petroleum products, the ICC established detailed guidelines to determine the intent of the shipper from the facts and surrounding circumstances. Policy Statement, No. MC-207, 8 I.C.C.2d 470, 1992 MCC LEXIS 50 (Apr. 27, 1992) (hereinafter, “MC-207”); Advantage Tank Lines, Inc., No. MC-C-30198, 10 I.C.C.2d 64 (Mar. 2, 1994). The Policy Statement was derived from cases decided by the ICC, federal courts, and the Supreme Court, which explained the differences between intrastate and interstate trucking services provided within a single state. The ICC outlined the following factors to “consider in establishing that the in-State for-hire transportation component is part of a continuing movement in interstate commerce.” See MC-207 at *4. First, the ICC explained that interstate intent may be found where:
Although the shipper does not know in advance the ultimate destination of specific shipments, it bases its determination of the total volume to be shipped through the warehouse on projections of customer demand that have some factual basis, rather than a mere plan to solicit future sales within the State. The factual basis for projecting customer demand may include, but is not limited to, historic sales in the State, actual present orders, relevant market surveys of need.
Id. Additionally, the ICC stated that the following factors
were also indicative of interstate intent: (1) “no processing or substantial
modification of substance occurs at the warehouse or distribution facility”;
(2) “while in the warehouse, the merchandise is subject to the shipper's
control and direction as to the subsequent transportation”; (3) “modern systems
allow tracking and documentation of most, if not all, of the shipments coming
in and going out of the warehouse or distribution center”; (4) “the shipper or
consignees must bear the ultimate payment for transportation charges even if
the warehouse or distribution center directly pays the transportation charges
to the carrier”; (5) “the warehouse utilized is owned by the shipper”; (6) “the
shipments move through the warehouse pursuant to a storage in transit tariff
provision.”
Most recently, on January 11, 2005, the DOL, upon consideration of a request for an opinion regarding certain intrastate delivery drivers, set forth factors to apply in determining whether the “fixed and persisting intent” of the shipper is that goods continue in interstate commerce when moving goods on a wholly intrastate leg of their journey, providing:
1. Even if a shipper does not know the ultimate destination of specific shipments, it bases its determination on the total volume to be shipped through the warehouse on projections of customer demand that have some factual basis, rather than a mere plan to solicit future sales within the State. This may include, but is not limited to, historical sales in the State, actual present orders, and relevant market surveys of need.
2. No processing or substantial product modification of substance occurs at the warehouse or distribution center. However, repackaging or reconfiguring (secondary packaging) may be performed.
3. While in the warehouse, the merchandise is subject to the shipper's control and direction to the subsequent transportation.
4. Modern tracking systems allow tracking and documentation of most, if not all, of the shipments coming in and going out of the warehouse or distribution center.
5. The shipper or consignee must bear the ultimate payment for transportation charges even if the warehouse or distribution center directly pays the transportation charges to the carrier.
6. The shipments move through the warehouse pursuant to a storage in transit provision.
See January 11, 2005 Opinion Letter, “Intra/interstate
transportation of gasoline and section 13(b)(1)” FLSA2005-10 (citing 57
In their Motion, Plaintiffs argue that the Court should
apply MC-48, while Defendant advocates for the application of MC-207.3
Plaintiffs assert that Baird remains good law in the Sixth Circuit, and is,
therefore, entitled to deference by this Court.4 See 425 F.2d at 412. Defendant
counters that though MC-48 has never been expressly overruled, other courts
have deemed MC-48 outdated. See, e.g., Atlantic Indep. Union, 2004
Many reasons compel the application of the more recent test delineated by the ICC. First and foremost, the determination regarding whether the commerce at issue is interstate or intrastate has always been determined by a totality of the circumstances. Moreover, since its inception, many courts, including the Baird court that first adopted [MC-48], have treated the test merely as a starting point from which to look at the totality of circumstances and have looked to factors outside the three-part test in order to determine a shipper's intent. Additionally, before the ICC revised its older test, three circuit courts noted that the 1957 test was outmoded. Finally the ICC is now using the flexible multi-factor test in its own decision.
See id., at *21-22 (internal citations omitted).
Since its decision in Baird, the Sixth Circuit has not had
occasion to revisit whether to apply MC-48 or MC-207 in determining a shipper's
intent. Recently, however, a court within the Sixth Circuit considered the
issue. See Ballou, 2006 WL 2035729, at *11. The Ballou court considered whether
defendant DET's beer distribution business qualified as interstate commerce
when plaintiffs, various DET distributors, traveled only within
The Court notes that in 1992, the ICC listed several factors in analyzing whether goods remain in interstate commerce beyond the terminal storage point. Those DOT factors include: (1) Whether the goods are ordered based on projections of customer demand that have some factual basis, including without limitation, historical sales, actual present orders, and relevant market surveys of need. (2) Whether the goods undergo processing or substantial product modification of substance while at the warehouse or distribution center, but repackaging or reconfiguring (secondary packaging) may be performed. (3) Whether while in the warehouse, the merchandise is subject to the shipper's control and direction to the subsequent transportation. (4) Whether modern tracking systems allow tracking and documentation of most, if not all, of the shipments coming in and going out of the warehouse or distribution center.
In harmony with the court in Ballou, this Court finds that in the face of modern advancements and new shipping techniques, MC-48 is not longer sufficient to determine a shipper's intent accurately. Digital Dish's shipping system is more similar to those modern systems at issue in the recent cases adopting MC-207 than the 1957 petroleum shipping system at issue in Baird. Accordingly, although this Court does not repudiate the rule in Baird, this Court finds Baird factually inapposite. Thus, in harmony with courts from other circuits and the ICC itself in Armstrong, this Court will apply MC-207 to determine whether Digital Dish ships goods in interstate commerce.
ii. Application of MC-207
As set forth above, MC-207 includes seven factors to use in
determining whether the “fixed and persisting” intent of a shipper is that
goods continue in interstate commerce when moving goods on a wholly intrastate
leg of their journey, and by extension, whether the intrastate journey may be
considered interstate in character. See MC-207. The Court recognizes that no
particular factor is, in and of itself, determinative and notes that the Court's
analysis should be based upon the practical realities of the transportation at
issue. See Northwest Terminal Elevator Ass'n. v.
1) Determination of the Total Volume to be Shipped
The Court must first consider whether the method DISH
Network uses to determine the total volume of equipment to ship to Digital Dish
each day is evidence that when DISH Network ships its equipment to Digital
Dish, the company intends that equipment to continue in interstate commerce
until it arrives at the homes of
This case is distinguishable from similar cases in which the
shipper transports products that have been set aside for a specific customer.
See Klitzke v. Steiner Corp., 110 F.3d 1465 (9th Cir.1997) (local delivery
driver for linen service that ordered roughly half of the materials it supplied
from out-of-state suppliers, based on specific customers' orders delivered
goods in interstate commerce); Badgett v. Rent-Way, Inc., 350 F.Supp.2d 642
(W.D.Pa.2004) 6 (plaintiff was covered by the MCA exemption when the items
shipped by defendant distributor to local warehouses were already earmarked for
specific customers); Hutson v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 209 F.Supp.2d 1353
(M.D.Ga.2001) (products delivered both in-state and out-of-state were shipped
by vendors pursuant to specific customer orders). Though Defendant contends
that its system is rooted in a calculation of present customer need, it is
based on estimates of customers' needs. When DISH Network ships its equipment
to Digital Dish warehouses in
Despite the fact that DISH Network may not know exactly
which of its customers is set to receive each item it ships to Digital Dish, the
Supreme Court has ruled that the MCA exception can still apply where goods are
shipped based on an anticipation or understanding of the needs of specific
customers. See Morris v. McComb, 332
Defendant's “credit system” is similar to those at issue in
Talton v. Caffey Distrib. Co., Inc, 124 Fed.Appx. 760 (4th Cir .2005) and
Guyton v. The Schwan Food Co., 2004
In Talton, plaintiff was a former delivery route driver for
a malt beverage and wine wholesaler/distributor, licensed by the state as the
exclusive distributor of certain brewer's products in a number of
In Guyton, the court considered whether plaintiffs, former
sales managers for defendant, the nation's largest home delivery frozen food
company, delivered goods in interstate commerce, thereby qualifying for the MCA
exemption. See 2004
Just as defendants in Talton and Guyton shipped products
based upon estimated customer need, in this case, DISH Network ships equipment
to Digital Dish warehouses based upon projections derived from its “credit
system,” rather than upon specific customer orders. Though Plaintiffs assert
that DISH Network's system is not accurate enough to establish the DISH
Network's intent to ship its equipment in interstate commerce, the Court
disagrees. One hundred percent accuracy is not required. It is enough that DISH
Network tracks Digital Dish's needs, and distributes equipment to the the
company accordingly. Moreover, it is notable that Defendant serves as DISH
Network's Ohio RSP. Because of this RSP relationship, DISH Network has a vested
interest in maintaining Digital Dish's inventory. Should DISH Network fail to
supply Digital Dish with the product necessary to service its
Finally, in regards to Plaintiffs' argument that DISH
Network does not intend to ship its equipment interstate because the
technicians determine the ultimate destination of that equipment, this same
argument was rejected by the court in
[w]hile [plaintiffs] may have discretion when it comes to specific product delivery, they are granted that discretion by their employers and such discretion can be taken away at any time. This discretion is motivated by [defendant's] goal of maximizing profit. If [plaintiffs] can convince a retailer to accept more product, it is in [defendant's] best interest for the [plaintiffs] to have that flexibility. Additionally, the discretion of the [plaintiffs] is built into [defendant's] inventory control system. This is not a case in which the [plaintiffs] are independent contractors who purchase the product from [defendant] for resale to retailers. [Defendant] and its affiliated companies retain control over the product for its entire journey.
2) Processing or Substantial Product Modification
A product is more likely to be considered shipped in interstate commerce if, “[n]o processing or substantial product modification of [that product] occurs at the warehouse or distribution center. However, repackaging or reconfiguring (secondary packaging) may be performed.” See MC-207. Plaintiffs suggest that technicians substantially modified the DISH Network equipment before setting out to deliver it to Digital Dish customers. They assert that because they assemble many of the dishes ahead of time and download the software to activate those dishes before installing them in customers' homes, they substantially modify the DISH Network equipment before passing it onto customers. Defendant, however, argues that these minor equipment modifications do not rise to the level of the processing that may create a discontinuity in interstate commerce.
Though it is not a MCA exemption case, Roberts v. Levine
provides a helpful discussion of what constitutes “substantial modification.”
See 921 F.2d 804, 814 (8th Cir.1990) (plaintiff appealed the district court's
order declaring that he transported goods intrastate without a state permit).
In Roberts, the court considered whether plaintiff's intrastate transport of
goods was merely one part of an interstate journey governed by the motor
carrier provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. § § 10101-11913 (1988), which preempts state
jurisdiction.
Before conducting a thorough analysis of the facts, the
Roberts court noted that “manufacture of an item interrupts the stream of
commerce so that after manufacture, there is a new commercial journey, either
inter-or intrastate.” See 921 F.2d at 815 (citing Crescent Cotton Oil Co. v.
Mississippi, 257 U.S. 129, 42 S.Ct. 42, 66 L.Ed. 166 (1921) (finding that the
separation of the seed from the fiber of cotton by means of a cotton gin
constituted “manufacturing”); Arkadelphia Milling Co. v. St. Louis S.W. Ry.,
249 U.S. 134, 39 S.Ct. 237, 63 L.Ed. 517 (1919) (holding that the movement of
rough lumber from the forest to a mill, where it was made into barrel hoops and
staves, was not interstate commerce because there was “no continuous movement
from the forest to the points” out of state, and because when the rough
material left the woods “it was not intended that it should be transported”
beyond the mill until it had been subjected to a manufacturing process);
Utah-Idaho Sugar Co. v. Fed. Trade Comm'n, 22 F.2d 122, 125 (8th Cir.1927)
(stating that “there is no [interstate] commerce to obstruct until [after manufacturing
takes place]”)). Accordingly, the Roberts court found that plaintiff was not
transporting soybeans in interstate commerce because the processed soybeans and
refined soybean oil which he transported interstate commerce was a new
commodity which was materially different in “character, utility and value” from
the raw soybeans he had transported to the elevator.
Additionally, the DOL Wage and Hour Division Field Operations Handbook states that a modification that does not change the nature of the product is insufficient to create a break in that product's interstate journey. See DOL Field Operations Handbook at § 24c02, 24d00. The handbook sets forth the following examples of processing or modification that would not affect the interstate movement of goods:
(1) Coal being shipped to an out-of-State buyer is hauled to a tipples where, in a continuous operation, it is unloaded from the truck and cleaned, crushed, or graded and loaded directly into railroad cars for shipment out-of-State; or
(2) Household goods are transported by truck drivers from a home to a warehouse to be crated or packed so that the movement by motor vehicle to the intended out-of-State destination may be continued.
Plaintiffs assert that they substantially modify DISH
Network equipment before they install it in customers' homes. They argue that
they had to spend at least fifteen to twenty minutes pre-downloading receivers
with updated DISH Network software, and assembling certain dishes. In his
deposition testimony, Musarra asserts that many of the DISH Network dish's came
in multiple pieces, and took more than 45 minutes to assemble. See Musarra Dep.
At 58:7-61:17.9 Further, Musarra testified that if the technicians did not
assemble the “Super Dishes” ahead of time, they would simply not fit in the
technician's truck.
This Court finds that Plaintiffs' modifications to DISH
Network products do not rise to the level of the substantial processing that could
interrupt a shipper's intent to move goods in interstate commerce. Although
Plaintiffs may spend time removing DISH Network products from their boxes and
assembling the parts before transporting the products to customer homes, such
changes are merely incidental to technicians' job of transporting and
installing DISH Network equipment on for Digital Dish customers. See
Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass'n v.
3) Goods Under Substantial Control and Direction of the Shipper
Next, the Court must consider whether, “[w]hile in the warehouse, the merchandise is subject to the shipper's control and direction to the subsequent transportation.” See MC-207. It is undisputed that DISH Network has procedures in place to insure that DISH Network maintains absolute control “over the ownership and ultimate fate of its equipment.” See Def's. Motion at 27. DISH Network ships its products to Digital Dish on consignment, and maintains title to the equipment up until it has been successfully installed in customer homes. Accordingly, even if the equipment is in storage at a Digital Dish warehouse, or in a technician's truck, Digital Dish is only a bailee. Further, Digital Dish has no power to change the formula through which DISH Network determines how much product must be shipped, and DISH Network requires Digital Dish to keep its equipment moving through the Digital Dish warehouses quickly, within a maximum of ten days, and usually in as few as three to four days.0
Finally, as evidenced by the DISH Network Installation Handbook, which is provided to Digital Dish and its technicians, Digital Dish and its employees are intended to be a conduit for DISH Network equipment. The Handbook provides:
Once the customer chooses to buy [DISH Network] products and services, we must promptly send a representative to the customer's residence to perform the installation. As the installer, you are the vital link between the customer and the system. In fact, to the new customer, YOU ARE DISH NETWORK.
The installation is often the customer's only opportunity to deal “face to face” with DISH Network....
Always remember that YOU ARE DISH NETWORK! ...
See Schneider Aff. ¶ 18, Ex. C. Thus, not only does DISH Network intend that Digital Dish employees install its equipment, but also, according to the Handbook, DISH Network intends that Digital Dish employees represent their parent company. DISH Network relies on Digital Dish as its Ohio RSP, but it is DISH Network who has true control over its business practices and, by extension, its equipment.
4) Tracking Systems
The Court must also consider whether “[m]odern tracking systems allow tracking and documentation of most, if not all, of the shipments coming and going out of the warehouse or distribution center.” See MC-207. Defendant asserts that its tracking system clearly rises to the level of the sophisticated system, which suggests interstate commerce. The Court agrees.
Modern tracking systems are a common feature of systems designed to deliver interstate goods through a final intrastate leg. See Talton v. Caffey Distributing Co., Inc., 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6894, at *20-21 (D.N.C. Mar. 11, 2004) (defendant ordered beer for delivery to customers by tracking previous orders and forecasting future customer demand); Billings, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4698, at *2-3 (plaintiffs, Frito-Lay route sales representatives, “record their pick-ups and deliveries using a handheld electronic wand device,” and transmit any collected information to Frito-Lay's inventory control system, which subsequently forecasts its distribution centers' estimated product needs); Atlantic Indep. Union, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS, at *23-24 (finding that defendant demonstrated a fixed and persisting intent to ship its product interstate based in part on the fact that defendant determines how much product to ship and when to ship it based on customer demand projections, “taking into consideration historical need and anticipated weather conditions, rather than solicitation of future sales”); Bilyou v. Dutchess Beer Distrib., Inc., 300 F.3d 217, 219 (2d Cir.2002) (distributor's main office in Missouri was connected by an electronic communication system to defendant's New York facility, enabling distributor to monitor daily the amount and distribution of its products delivered to defendants' customers); Guyton, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4174, at(“In order to produce and ship the optimal amount of products to the depots, each sales order is entered into a hand-held computer by a route manager,” and the data from the computers is the uploaded to a central database, which analyzes past sales to predict future sales).
DISH Network employs a complex tracking system similar to
those at issue in the above cases. All DISH Network products are serialized
with stickers present on the outside of the product's box, and upon arriving at
the Digital Dish warehouse, these numbers are scanned into the joint DISH
Network/Digital Dish tracking system. Schneider Aff. ¶ 24. The serial number informs DISH Network of
when particular equipment is installed and activated. Schneider Aff. ¶ 24. When a technician has successfully
installed the equipment in a customer's home, his next step is to call DISH
Network to tell the company the serial number of the equipment so that DISH
Network can then perform the necessary steps to activate it.
5) Bearing Costs of the Ultimate Payment for Transportation Charges
If “[t]he shipper or consignee must bear the ultimate
payment for transportation charges even if the warehouse or distribution center
directly pays the transportation charges to the carrier,” the shipment will more
likely be considered to be interstate. It is undisputed that DISH Network bears
the transportation costs for all products delivered from its out-of-state
facilities to Digital Dish warehouses. See
6) Warehouse Owned by the Shipper
A shipment is more likely to be considered interstate if the
warehouse used is owned by the shipper. See MC-207. In this case, however,
Digital Dish, not DISH Network, owns the warehouses in
7) Storage in Transit Provision
Finally, if shipments “move through the warehouse pursuant to a storage in transit provision,” it suggests interstate commerce. See MC-207. Based on the evidence presented, the parties do not appear to have a storage in transit provision. Nonetheless, in Merchants Fast Motor Lines, Inc. v. ICC, the Fifth Circuit held that the inclusion of a storage in transit provision was “just one of the many factors that may bear” on the question of whether a shipper intended to transport its goods interstate. 5 F.3d 911, 918 (5th Cir.1993). The Merchants court explained:
The ICC did not decide that the use of a storage-in-transit
privilege was dispositive of the interstate nature of the movement. The ICC
noted that it was a “strong indication” of the through character of the
movement, but relied in addition on the “incidents” surrounding the involved transportation.
Without discussing them in detail, the ICC noted such indicia as the tracking
and documentation linking the shipments coming in and going out of
See id. (citing State of
8) Conclusion as to MC-207
As noted supra, no single factor in the MC-207 inquiry is determinative of whether a shipper transports its goods in inter state or intra state commerce. As is apparent from the above analysis, however, the delivery methods employed by DISH Network and Digital Dish meet most of MC-207's seven criteria. Accordingly, MC-207 suggests that Plaintiffs deliver and install DISH Network equipment in inter state commerce.
iii. Whether the Goods that Digital Dish Returns are Transported in Interstate Commerce
Although MC-207 suggests that DISH Network intends to ship its equipment in interstate commerce, as a final consideration, this Court will analyze Defendant's assertions that any returns of DISH Network receivers 3 initiated by customers and carried out by technicians occur in interstate commerce because they indicate Defendant's “fixed and persisting intent” to return the equipment to DISH Network's out-of-state facilities. According to Defendant, by regularly picking up receivers, and as part of their regular duties, returning them to Defendant's warehouses where they can be packed and shipped to DISH Network's out-of-state facilities, technicians are part of an “integrated commercial cycle.” Plaintiffs counter that Defendant incorrectly “lumps” all returns into a category of merchandise which is obtained by technicians at customer homes and subsequently shipped interstate when returns actually encompass a variety of different situations, including situations in which the returned equipment remains with the technician, or with Digital Dish. Further, Plaintiffs claim that because the technicians are not assigned a regular route through which they must carry out regular returns, and because such returns comprise such a small part of their daily tasks, their situation is easily distinguishable from the cases upon which Defendant relies.
The Court finds unpersuasive Plaintiffs' contentions that
the returns do not indicate the continuous movement of DISH Network goods in
interstate commerce because they comprise such a small part of technicians'
daily duties.4 In Badgett v. Rent-Way, the court rejected a similar claim by
plaintiffs. See 350 F.Supp.2d at 652. In Badgett, plaintiffs attempted to
minimize Rent-Way's involvement in interstate commerce by asserting that the
retrieval of merchandise from other out-of-state Rent-Way stores was a “rare
event,” occurring for less than one delivery out of one hundred and twenty in a
good sales month. See id. The court held the number of retrievals was
unimportant, explaining that “[t]he MCA does not limit motor private carriers
to those who ship large amounts of property or ship property as their principal
business; it merely requires that they transport property ‘to further a
commercial enterprise.’ “
There are a number of cases from other circuits in which courts determined that drivers' returns were part of an “integrated commercial cycle.” See Opelika, 299 F.2d at 37 (empty cola bottles shipped to out of state bottler four to six times per week pursuant to a pre-existing agreement constituted transportation in interstate commerce); Thomas v. Wichita Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 968 F.2d 1022 (10th Cir.1992) (empty soda containers held by customers, picked up by route drivers and returned to an out of state bottling facility on a daily basis); Foxworthy, 997 F.2d at 670 (route drivers' daily return of milk crates were an indispensable part of milk processing procedures at the out-of-state dairy plant); Bilyou, 300 F.3d at 217 (where employer had a fixed and persisting intent to return the empties to an out-of-state location, daily pick-up by route drivers of a beer distributor of aluminum cans, bottles, and refillable containers for out-of-state shipment constituted interstate commerce); Jones, 268 F.Supp.2d at 1004 (where employer had a fixed and persisting intent that bread trays picked up daily by route drivers be shipped out-of-state, route drivers' pick-ups constituted interstate commerce).
[10] The underlying theory in those cases is that the intrastate
initiation of an interstate journey may form the basis for the application of
the MCA exemption where it can be considered part of an “integral commercial
cycle.” Although Defendant asserts that the technicians carry out regular
returns to DISH Network, performing the same essential tasks as the
distributors in the foregoing cases, the Court disagrees. In each of the above
cases, the drivers regularly picked up and returned large numbers of empty
containers, trays, and/or pallets knowing that the goods were headed to an
in-state warehouse, and then on to an out-of-state distributor. The pickups and
deliveries were part of the drivers' regular daily routes, and in some cases,
the out-of-state distributor needed the returned goods before they would distribute
more products. See, e .g.,
Finding the above “integral commercial cycle cases”
inapposite, the Court deems the case sub judice more similar to Packard v.
Pittsburgh Transp. Co. See 418 F.3d 246 (3d Cir.2005) (drivers providing
intrastate transportation to elderly and disabled persons pursuant to a
federally-funded program did not constitute interstate commerce where drivers
did not travel regular routes, did not know passengers' final destination, and
were not part of an interstate “through-ticketing” arrangement). In Packard,
the court considered whether drivers employed by the Pittsburgh Transportation
Company's ACCESS transit service (“ACCESS drivers”) fell under the MCA
exemption. See 418 F.3d at 248. ACCESS drivers provided transportation to
elderly and disabled people who were unable to use other forms of public
transportation, including transportation to Pittsburgh-area Amtrak stations,
Greyhound bus stops, and the airport.
Although defendant argued that ACCESS employees carried out their responsibilities in the context of a clearly integrated commercial cycle, the Packard court disagreed, finding instead that ACCESS employed a pattern of distribution “markedly unlike” those set forth in other cases. See id. at 254. The Packard court explained:
When we apply the “essential character of the movement” inquiry to the ACCESS drivers, it is clear that other cases applying the MCA exemption do not suggest the proper outcome here. The ACCESS drivers are not integrated into their passengers' interstate travel to the degree in which many intrastate commercial drivers are integrated into the interstate movement of commercial goods. Indeed, the ACCESS service lacks any legal or institutional connection to the interstate movement of passengers or goods. Although the service's pick-up or drop-off point sometimes coincides in time and space with one endpoint of certain passengers' interstate journeys, there is no well established logical or logistical connection between the two ... [Thus,] unlike the delivery drivers in the cases canvassed above, the ACCESS drivers are not part of a clearly-defined routine interstate commercial exchange controlled centrally by their employer.
[11] In this case, like the drivers in Packard, Digital Dish technicians lack an institutional connection to the interstate movement of the goods. Though they regularly complete equipment returns,8 they are not responsible for what happens to the returns once they return them to the nearest Digital Dish warehouse. Further the record suggests that no decision is made about what will happen to the equipment until it reaches the Millersburg warehouse. See Def.'s Ex. B ¶ 9 (“supervisors are required to return damages equipment and completed forms to the warehouse weekly”). Further, although technicians make returns as a regular element of their trips to and from Digital Dish warehouses to various customers, they have seven days in which to complete their returns. See Def.'s Ex. B ¶ 9 (“RA Procedures”). Therefore, once a technician removes certain DISH Network equipment from a customer's home, it could remain in his care for as many as seven days before its is returned to the nearest Digital Dish warehouse, let alone the Millersburg distribution center and/or DISH Network. Thus, the Court finds that Defendant has failed to establish that technicians returning equipment to its in-state warehouses are carrying out the first leg of an interstate journey.
iv. Conclusion
[12][13] It is well-established that to determine whether the goods in question possess “a practical continuity of movement” from an out-of-state shipper to their ultimate in-state destination, the Court must consider whether the “essential character of the commerce, manifested by [the] shipper's fixed and persisting transportation intent at the time of shipment, as ascertained from all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the transportation,” indicates that the shipper intended for the goods to reach an ultimate interstate goal. See Klitzke, 110 F.3d at 1465; Bilyou, 300 F.3d at 224, Foxworthy, 997 F.2d at 672. The above analysis applies regardless of whether a court adheres to MC-48 or MC-207. Considering the totality of the circumstances in this case, the Court finds that in making daily shipments of equipment to Digital Dish, DISH Network intends to ship its goods in interstate commerce. Accordingly, Digital Dish is a “motor private carrier” transporting goods in interstate commerce, and Plaintiffs fall under the MCA exemption. Plaintiffs' federal overtime compensation claims must, therefore, be dismissed.
D. Plaintiffs' State Law Claims9
[14] Plaintiffs have also brought identical state law claims, pursuant to OMFWSA. See supra Part II.B.
28 U.S.C. § 1367 provides that,
(a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) or as expressly provided otherwise by Federal statute, in any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction, the district courts shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution. Such supplemental jurisdiction shall include claims that involve the joinder or intervention of additional parties ...
(c) The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if-
(1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law,
(2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction
(3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction, or
(4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction....
28 U.S.C. § 1367.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, district
courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection
(a) if the court has dismissed all claims over which it has original
jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).
“The general rule is that a district court should dismiss pendent state law
claims if the federal claims have been dismissed before trial.”
This Court has dismissed Plaintiffs' federal claims and finds no overwhelming issues of judicial economy which would weigh heavily towards exercising supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' pendent state law claims. Indeed, the parties' arguments regarding the application of the OMFWSA present sufficiently novel state law questions which would weigh against this Court's exercise of jurisdiction. For these reasons, this Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' OMFWSA claims, and the claims are dismissed without prejudice.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and GRANTS Defendant's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. This case is hereby dismissed. Plaintiffs' state law claims are dismissed without prejudice so that Plaintiffs may pursue the claims in state court if they desire.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Though labeled as a “Motion for Summary Judgment,” as per the parties' agreement set forth in the October 18, 2005 Preliminary Pretrial Order, Defendant's Motion is a motion for partial summary judgment limited to the issue of the applicability of the Motor Carrier Exemption to Plaintiffs' FLSA claims.
DISH Network is a
part of EchoStar Satellite LLC. Headquartered in
Defendant also refers to “satellite technicians” as “job technicians.”
DISH Network also
ships some goods from facilities in
Digital Dish provides 90 percent of the approximately 300 technicians a pickup truck with caps that weighs under 10,000 pounds. The trucks do not have seating capacity for eight people and do not transport hazardous waste. The trucks have the DISH Network logo and Digital Dish's phone number on their sides. The technicians do not have to have a Commercial Driver's License (“CDL”) and do not have to maintain DOT logs. Technicians load their own trucks at the nearest Digital Dish warehouse.
According to the
deposition testimony of January Bowles, the Digital Dish salesperson during the
putative class period, there were an average of seven referrals a day by phone.
Bowles Dep. at 55:19-22. Also, during the putative class period, new customers
walked in “off the street” for a referral only once every three to four months.
According to January Bowles, when she was employed as the salesperson, about 2 out of every 7 customers who called Digital Dish to request DISH Network service failed to qualify as acceptable DISH Network customers. See Bowles Dep. at 57:5-14. This constitutes a fail rate of approximately 62 percent.
Technicians typically arrive at the Digital Dish warehouses around 6:30 a.m., and depending on their arrival time, the loading process usually takes them anywhere from one to three hours to complete. Complaint ¶ 20.
All consumable
supplies except the nuts and the bolts which are not included with satellite
dishes are shipped to Digital Dish from DISH Network based on the same “present
need” formula used to determine the amount of equipment to ship each day. See
Schneider Aff. ¶ 20;
0. A low-noise block feedhorn (“LNFB”) is an “electronic eye designed to capture the signal from the surface of a satellite dish and feed it, by cable, to a receiver, from whence it is transmitted to a television for viewing.” See Schneider Af.. ¶ 25; Klug Dep. at 57-62.
1. Klug testified that he performed 65 to 75 percent of his advanced preparations of DISH Network equipment either at his own home or at the warehouse, and the remaining 25 to 35 percent of these preparations at customer homes. Klug Dep. 17, 27-29. Further, Klug and Musarra both testified that they took the first step in activating about 33 percent of all DISH Network receivers earmarked for customer delivery prior to delivery and installation by unpacking them, connecting them to a satellite dish, and “downloading” updated software from DISH Network. See Klug Dep. at 27-29; Musarra Dep. at 46-50.
2. Musarra testified that technicians exchanged equipment “very often.” See Musarra Dep. at 64:10-65:2. Klug testified that “[s]ometimes to avoid going to the warehouse, if I needed just one or two [satellite dishes], and another technician that was working in my area had one or two extra on their truck, I would get it from them off of their truck. And then the next time I went to the warehouse, I would get additional ones in order to give that to them to replace it on their truck....” See Klug Dep. at 20:11-22.
3. If a Digital Dish technician determines that a customer's service problem is unrelated to DISH Network equipment, i.e., a broken television, but the customer still asks the technician to fix the problem, the technician charges $59.00 per hour. See Schneider Dep. at 80:1-81:6. All of the money goes directly to DISH Network.
4. Musarra explained that technicians had one week to complete their returns, and he would do his returns “all at one time,” bringing the equipment into the warehouse, “stacked, unpackaged, just throw it on the counter with the RA slip, and it was out of my hands.” Musarra Dep. at 119:22-24.
5. Klug testified,
[a] lot of times we would take ... a Dish 500 off someone's house, or out of their yard in order to install a Super Dish. That Dish 500, we were instructed to use at another person's house, so we would take it from one house to another house in order to save the company money, so we are not using a new dish ... We would have to modify the dish that we took off the house in order to fit with new components or new switches or new boxes that were being used by the company.
Klug Dep. at 18:7-24.
6. DISH Network has out-of-state facilities in
7. Section 213(b)(1) states that:
The provisions of section 207 of this title shall not apply with respect to-
(1) any employee with respect to whom the Secretary of Transportation has power to establish qualifications and maximum hours of service pursuant to the provisions of section 31502 of Title 49 ...
29 U.S.C. § 213(b)(1).
8. In 1966, Congress passed the Department of Transportation Act, effective on April 1, 1967, which transferred to the Department of Transportation (“DOT”) “all functions, powers, and duties of the Interstate Commerce Commission [ (“ICC”) ]” with regards to the hours and safety provisions of the MCA. Exec. Order 11,340 (Mar. 30, 1967), pursuant to P.L. 89-670, sec. 15, 80 Stat. 950.
9. On August 10, 2005, after Plaintiffs had left Digital Dish, Congress passed and President Bush signed SAFETEA-LU (“the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users”), an appropriations bill that amends The Federal Aid-Highways Act and creates set-asides for road constructions, public safety education programs, and the like. SAFETEA-LU called for the addition of the word “commercial” before “motor vehicles” in the definition of “motor private carrier,” requiring entities wishing to qualify as “motor private carriers” after August 10, 2005 to conduct business in vehicles weighing over 10,000 pounds or to transport hazardous materials. See 49 U.S.C. § 31332(1) ( “commercial motor vehicle”).
Before August 10, 2005, the FLSA's MCA exemption applied to
most employees who drove any type and size of motor vehicle in interstate
commerce. After the passage of SAFETEA-LU, however, vehicles that were
previously exempt under the old definition of “motor vehicle” are no longer
exempt because they are not “commercial motor vehicles.” See Felhaber, Larson, Felon,
Vogt, P.A., Big Changes in Exempt Status for Drivers and Mortgage Loan
Officers, 16 No. 4
0. 49 U.S.C. § 13502
relates to transportation that occurs between Alaska and other states, and,
therefore, is irrelevant to this Court's analysis of whether the MCA exemption
applies to both motor carriers and motor private carriers. See 49 U.S.C. § 13502 (“Exempt transportation between
1. Friedrich refers to sections 10521 and 10522, which have since been recodified as 49 U.S.C. § § 13501 and 13502.
2. On occasion, courts refer to “motor private carriers” as “private motor carriers.” See, e.g., Vaughn, 291 F.3d at 904.
3. On August 30, 2006, the Court DENIED Plaintiffs' Motion to Supplement the Record with an affidavit and a declaration by two former Digital Dish technicians who worked for the company from March 2005 through 2006, after the enactment of SAFETEA-LU.
4. As noted above, DISH Network ships all its equipment on consignment. Thus, Digital Dish is a bailee of the equipment until a technician installs it in a customer's home, at which point, the customer owns the equipment.
5. The Court envisioned three circumstances when goods were
brought from out of state but sold and distributed to customers within the
state: (1) goods purchased by the wholesaler or distributor upon order of a
customer with the definite intention that they be carried at once to the
customer; (2) goods obtained by the wholesaler or distributor to meet the needs
of specified customers pursuant to an “understanding,” contractual or
otherwise, although not for immediate delivery; and (3) goods based on
anticipation of customer need, rather than upon prior orders or contract.
6. Plaintiffs assert that Digital Dish technicians do not deliver goods in interstate commerce. Plaintiffs explain,
The role of technicians is that of technicians, not that of delivery drivers who drop off [sic.] packages at customers' homes. Indeed, this characterization does not even suggest the correct lense [sic] through which the nature of DISH's business should be viewed. DISH does provide physical products to their customers. These products, however, are certainly no more than the main focus of DISH's business any more that [sic.] the main focus of the telephone company is selling telephone cable. DISH's real product, of course, is the Satellite TV programming which it beams to customers' homes. The physical products which DISH provides are simply a means of facilitating the transfer to customers DISH's actual product, much as the phone company provides telephone lines to facilitate its real product, telephone service. Without the signal beamed into it, the physical pr